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<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,164)">Therapsids<br />
<small>Temporal range:<br />
<a href="/wiki/Early_Permian" title="Early Permian" class="mw-redirect">Early Permian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a>, 275–100&#160;Ma<br />
Descendant <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia" class="mw-redirect">Mammalia</a> survives to present.</small>
<div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0;">
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.46153846154px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background:rgb(254,217,106); background-color: rgba(254,217,106,0); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(254,217,106,0), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, rgba(254,217,106,0), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(254,217,106,0), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(254,217,106,0)), to(rgba(254,217,106,1)), color-stop(15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)));"><small><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreЄ</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:36.553846153846px; width:18.175384615385px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Є</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:54.729230769231px; width:15.095384615385px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.824615384615px; width:9.3753846153846px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:79.2px; width:19.224615384615px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.424615384615px; width:20.375384615385px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,60); left:118.8px; width:16.246153846154px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:135.04615384615px; width:17.396923076923px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:152.44307692308px; width:18.310769230769px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.75384615385px; width:27.076923076923px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.83076923077px; width:14.374461538462px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene"><small>Pg</small></a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9188307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene"><small>N</small></a></div>
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<div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;">
<div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:126.92307692308px; width:93.076923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:126.92307692308px; width:59.230769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:127.92307692308px; width:57.230769230769px; background-color:#6c3;"></div>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Pristeroognathus_DB.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pristeroognathus_DB.jpg/240px-Pristeroognathus_DB.jpg" width="240" height="160" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Illustration of <i><a href="/wiki/Pristerognathus" title="Pristerognathus">Pristerognathus</a></i>, a cat-sized <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">therocephalian</a> therapsid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,164)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Therapsida" title="e"><img alt="e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" width="16" height="16" /></a></span></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:</td>
<td><span class="kingdom" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Phylum:</td>
<td><span class="phylum" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Class:</td>
<td><span class="class" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Synapsid" title="Synapsid">Synapsida</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>(unranked):</td>
<td><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eupelycosauria" title="Eupelycosauria">Eupelycosauria</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>(unranked):</td>
<td><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontia" title="Sphenacodontia">Sphenacodontia</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>(unranked):</td>
<td><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontoidea" title="Sphenacodontoidea">Sphenacodontoidea</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Order:</td>
<td><span class="order" style="white-space:nowrap;"><b>Therapsida</b></span><br />
<small><a href="/wiki/Robert_Broom" title="Robert Broom">Broom</a>, 1905</small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,164)">Clades</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
<ul>
<li>Suborder †<a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">*</a></li>
<li>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Eutherapsida" title="Eutherapsida" class="mw-redirect">Eutherapsida</a>
<ul>
<li>Suborder †<a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a>
<ul>
<li>Infraorder †<a href="/wiki/Anteosauria" title="Anteosauria" class="mw-redirect">Anteosauria</a></li>
<li>Infraorder †<a href="/wiki/Tapinocephalia" title="Tapinocephalia">Tapinocephalia</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Neotherapsida" title="Neotherapsida">Neotherapsida</a>
<ul>
<li>Suborder †<a href="/wiki/Anomodont" title="Anomodont">Anomodontia</a> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">*</a>
<ul>
<li>Infraorder †<a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia" class="mw-redirect">Dicynodontia</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Theriodontia" title="Theriodontia" class="mw-redirect">Theriodontia</a> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">*</a>
<ul>
<li>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia" class="mw-redirect">Cynodontia</a> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">*</a></li>
<li>Suborder †<a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a></li>
<li>Suborder †<a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Therapsida</b> is a group of the most advanced reptile-grade <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" title="Synapsid">synapsids</a>, and the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Mammals" title="Mammals" class="mw-redirect">mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-romer1933_0-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romer1933-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> While mammals strictly speaking are surviving therapsids, the name is usually only applied to the non-mammalian <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" title="Evolutionary grade">evolutionary grade</a>. Many of the traits today seen as unique to mammals had their origin within the Therapsida, including <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>, and an erect posture. The earliest fossil attributed to Therapsida is believed to be <i><a href="/wiki/Tetraceratops_insignis" title="Tetraceratops insignis" class="mw-redirect">Tetraceratops insignis</a></i> (Lower <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Therapsids evolved from '<a href="/wiki/Pelycosaur" title="Pelycosaur">pelycosaurs</a>' (specifically <a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontia" title="Sphenacodontia">sphenacodonts</a>) 275 million years ago. They replaced the pelycosaurs as the dominant land animal. Mammals appeared 200 million years ago, and all therapsids other than mammals became extinct in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> period (146 <a href="/wiki/Annum" title="Annum" class="mw-redirect">Ma</a> to 100 Ma).</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc">
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Characteristics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Evolutionary_history"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Evolutionary history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Taxonomy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Taxonomy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Phylogeny"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Phylogeny</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Characteristics">Characteristics</span></h2>
<p>Therapsids' <a href="/wiki/Temporal_fenestra" title="Temporal fenestra" class="mw-redirect">temporal fenestrae</a> are greater than those of the pelycosaurs. The jaws of therapsids are more complex and powerful, and the <a href="/wiki/Teeth" title="Teeth" class="mw-redirect">teeth</a> are differentiated into frontal <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a> for nipping, great lateral <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canines</a> for puncturing and tearing, and <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molars</a> for shearing and chopping food. Their legs are positioned more vertically beneath their bodies than are the sprawling legs of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelycosaur" title="Pelycosaur">pelycosaurs</a>.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</span></h2>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Evolution of mammals</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raranimus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Raranimus.jpg/220px-Raranimus.jpg" width="220" height="175" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Raranimus.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<i><a href="/wiki/Raranimus" title="Raranimus">Raranimus</a></i>, a primitive therapsid</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Therapsids <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> from a group of pelycosaurs called <a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontia" title="Sphenacodontia">sphenacodonts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Therapsids became the dominant land animals in the Middle <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>, displacing the pelycosaurs. Therapsida consists of three bigger <a href="/wiki/Clades" title="Clades" class="mw-redirect">clades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">dinocephalians</a>, the herbivorous <a href="/wiki/Anomodont" title="Anomodont">anomodonts</a>, and the mostly carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Theriodont" title="Theriodont">theriodonts</a>, with the carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">biarmosuchians</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" title="Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect">paraphyletic</a> assemblage of primitive forms. After a brief burst of evolutionary diversity, the dinocephalians died out in the later Middle Permian (<a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian" class="mw-redirect">Guadalupian</a>) but the anomodont <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" title="Dicynodont">dicynodonts</a> and the theriodont <a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">gorgonopsians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">therocephalians</a> flourished, being joined at the very end of the Permian by the first <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" title="Cynodont">cynodonts</a></p>
<p>Like all land animals, the therapsids were seriously affected by the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>, with the very successful gorgonopsians dying out altogether and the remaining groups, <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" title="Dicynodont">dicynodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">therocephalians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" title="Cynodont">cynodonts</a> of a few species, each surviving into the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>. The dicynodonts, now represented by a single family of large stocky <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeridae" title="Kannemeyeridae" class="mw-redirect">Kannemeyeridae</a>, and the medium-sized cynodonts (including both carnivorous and herbivorous forms), flourished worldwide, throughout the Early and Middle Triassic. They died out across much of <a href="/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea" class="mw-redirect">Pangea</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian">Carnian</a> (Late Triassic), although they continued for some time longer in the wet equatorial band and the south.</p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lemurosaurus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lemurosaurus.jpg/220px-Lemurosaurus.jpg" width="220" height="180" class="thumbimage" /></a>
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<i><a href="/wiki/Lemurosaurus" title="Lemurosaurus">Lemurosaurus</a></i></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Some exceptions were the still further derived <a href="/wiki/Eucynodonts" title="Eucynodonts" class="mw-redirect">eucynodonts</a>. At least three groups of them survived. They all appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a> period. The extremely mammal-like family, <a href="/wiki/Tritylodontidae" title="Tritylodontidae">Tritylodontidae</a>, survived into the Early <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>. An extremely mammal-like family, <a href="/wiki/Tritheledontidae" title="Tritheledontidae">Tritheledontidae</a>, are unknown later than the Early <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>. The third group, <i><a href="/wiki/Morganucodon" title="Morganucodon">Morganucodon</a></i> and similar animals, were <a href="/wiki/Mammaliformes" title="Mammaliformes" class="mw-redirect">mammaliformes</a> or the "stem-mammals".</p>
<p>Some non-eucynodont cynodonts survived the Permian-Triassic extinction, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Thrinaxodon" title="Thrinaxodon">Thrinaxodon</a></i> but only to become extinct by the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a>.</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">therocephalians</a>, relatives of the cynodonts, managed to survive the Permian-Triassic extinction and continued to diversify through the <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a> period. Approaching the end of the period, however, the therocephalians were declining to extinction and eventually became extinct, possibly due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climatic changes</a> and competition from cynodonts and other <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> struggling to survive.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Dicynodonts" title="Dicynodonts" class="mw-redirect">Dicynodonts</a> have been thought to have become extinct before the <a href="/wiki/Triassic-Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic-Jurassic extinction event" class="mw-redirect">end of the Triassic</a>, but there is evidence that they survived the extinction. Their fossils have been found in <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>. Other animals that were common in the Triassic also took refuge here, such as the <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyl" title="Temnospondyl" class="mw-redirect">temnospondyls</a>. This is an example of <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_taxon" title="Lazarus taxon">Lazarus taxon</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2007">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a>, the only living therapsids, evolved in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a> period. They radiated from a group of <a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a> that is related to the <a href="/wiki/Symmetrodont" title="Symmetrodont" class="mw-redirect">symmetrodonts</a>. The Mammaliaformes themselves evolved from <a href="/wiki/Probainognathia" title="Probainognathia">probainognathians</a>, a lineage of the <a href="/wiki/Eucynodont" title="Eucynodont" class="mw-redirect">eucynodont</a> suborder.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span></h2>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Classification">Classification</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Biarmosuchus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biarmosuchus.jpg/200px-Biarmosuchus.jpg" width="200" height="108" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Biarmosuchus.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<i><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchus" title="Biarmosuchus">Biarmosuchus</a></i>, a Biarmosuchian</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Estemmenosuchus_BW.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Estemmenosuchus_BW.jpg/200px-Estemmenosuchus_BW.jpg" width="200" height="116" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Estemmenosuchus_BW.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<i><a href="/wiki/Estemmenosuchus" title="Estemmenosuchus">Estemmenosuchus</a></i>, a Dinocephalian</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Anteosaurus_BW.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Anteosaurus_BW.jpg/200px-Anteosaurus_BW.jpg" width="200" height="80" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Anteosaurus_BW.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<i><a href="/wiki/Anteosaurus" title="Anteosaurus">Anteosaurus</a></i>, an Anteosaur</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Inostrancevia_BW.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Inostrancevia_BW.jpg/200px-Inostrancevia_BW.jpg" width="200" height="89" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Inostrancevia_BW.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<i><a href="/wiki/Inostrancevia" title="Inostrancevia">Inostrancevia</a></i>, a Gorgonopsid</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bauria_BW.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bauria_BW.jpg/200px-Bauria_BW.jpg" width="200" height="88" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bauria_BW.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<i><a href="/wiki/Bauria" title="Bauria">Bauria</a></i>, a Therocephalian</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oligokyphus_BW.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oligokyphus_BW.jpg/200px-Oligokyphus_BW.jpg" width="200" height="61" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Oligokyphus_BW.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<i><a href="/wiki/Oligokyphus" title="Oligokyphus">Oligokyphus</a></i>, a Cynodont</div>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Class <b><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida" class="mw-redirect">Synapsida</a></b></li>
<li>ORDER <b>THERAPSIDA</b> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" title="Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect">*</a>
<ul>
<li>?Family †<a href="/wiki/Tetraceratopsidae" title="Tetraceratopsidae" class="mw-redirect">Tetraceratopsidae</a></li>
<li>Suborder †<b><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" title="Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect">*</a>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchus_tener" title="Biarmosuchus tener" class="mw-redirect">Biarmosuchidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Eotitanosuchus_olsoni" title="Eotitanosuchus olsoni" class="mw-redirect">Eotitanosuchidae</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Eutherapsida" title="Eutherapsida" class="mw-redirect">Eutherapsida</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Suborder †<b><a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Estemmenosuchidae" title="Estemmenosuchidae">Estemmenosuchidae</a></li>
<li>?Infraorder †<b><a href="/wiki/Anteosauria" title="Anteosauria" class="mw-redirect">Anteosauria</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Anteosauridae" title="Anteosauridae">Anteosauridae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Brithopodidae" title="Brithopodidae">Brithopodidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Deuterosauridae" title="Deuterosauridae" class="mw-redirect">Deuterosauridae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Syodontidae" title="Syodontidae">Syodontidae</a></li>
<li>?Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stenocybidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stenocybidae (page does not exist)">Stenocybidae</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>†<b><a href="/wiki/Tapinocephalia" title="Tapinocephalia">Tapinocephalia</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Styracocephalidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Styracocephalidae (page does not exist)">Styracocephalidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Tapinocephalidae" title="Tapinocephalidae">Tapinocephalidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Titanosuchidae" title="Titanosuchidae">Titanosuchidae</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Neotherapsida" title="Neotherapsida">Neotherapsida</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Suborder †<b><a href="/wiki/Anomodont" title="Anomodont">Anomodontia</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" title="Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect">*</a>
<ul>
<li>Superfamily †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venyukoviamorpha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Venyukoviamorpha (page does not exist)">Venyukoviamorpha</a>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Otsheridae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Otsheridae (page does not exist)">Otsheridae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Venyukovia" title="Venyukovia">Venyukoviidae</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Infraorder †<b><a href="/wiki/Dromasauria" title="Dromasauria">Dromasauria</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Galeopidae" title="Galeopidae" class="mw-redirect">Galeopidae</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Infraorder †<b><a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" title="Dicynodont">Dicynodonta</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endothiodontidae&aamp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Endothiodontidae (page does not exist)">Endothiodontidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Eodicynodontidae" title="Eodicynodontidae" class="mw-redirect">Eodicynodontidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingoriidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingoriidae (page does not exist)">Kingoriidae</a></li>
<li>(unranked) †<a href="/wiki/Diictodontia" title="Diictodontia">Diictodontia</a>
<ul>
<li>Superfamily †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emydopoidea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Emydopoidea (page does not exist)">Emydopoidea</a>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistecephalidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cistecephalidae (page does not exist)">Cistecephalidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emydopidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Emydopidae (page does not exist)">Emydopidae</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Superfamily †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robertoidea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robertoidea (page does not exist)">Robertoidea</a>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Diictodontidae" title="Diictodontidae" class="mw-redirect">Diictodontidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Robertiidae" title="Robertiidae" class="mw-redirect">Robertiidae</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>(unranked) †<b><a href="/wiki/Pristerodontia" title="Pristerodontia">Pristerodontia</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aulacocephalodontidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aulacocephalodontidae (page does not exist)">Aulacocephalodontidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Dicynodontidae" title="Dicynodontidae" class="mw-redirect">Dicynodontidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriidae" title="Kannemeyeriidae">Kannemeyeriidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Lystrosauridae" title="Lystrosauridae">Lystrosauridae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oudenodontidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oudenodontidae (page does not exist)">Oudenodontidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pristerodontidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pristerodontidae (page does not exist)">Pristerodontidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanisiodontidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanisiodontidae (page does not exist)">Shanisiodontidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Stahleckeriidae" title="Stahleckeriidae" class="mw-redirect">Stahleckeriidae</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Theriodont" title="Theriodont">Theriodontia</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" title="Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect">*</a>
<ul>
<li>Suborder †<b><a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsidae</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutheriodontia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutheriodontia (page does not exist)">Eutheriodontia</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Suborder †<b><a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Lycosuchidae" title="Lycosuchidae" class="mw-redirect">Lycosuchidae</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>(unranked) †<b><a href="/wiki/Scylacosauria" title="Scylacosauria">Scylacosauria</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Scylacosaurus" title="Scylacosaurus">Scylacosauridae</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Infraorder †<b><a href="/wiki/Eutherocephalia" title="Eutherocephalia">Eutherocephalia</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Hofmeyriidae" title="Hofmeyriidae">Hofmeyriidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Moschorhinidae" title="Moschorhinidae" class="mw-redirect">Moschorhinidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaitsiidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Whaitsiidae (page does not exist)">Whaitsiidae</a></li>
<li>Superfamily <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bauriodea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bauriodea (page does not exist)">Bauriodea</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Bauriidae" title="Bauriidae">Bauriidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ericiolacteridae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ericiolacteridae (page does not exist)">Ericiolacteridae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ictidosuchidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ictidosuchidae (page does not exist)">Ictidosuchidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ictidosuchopsidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ictidosuchopsidae (page does not exist)">Ictidosuchopsidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycideopsidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lycideopsidae (page does not exist)">Lycideopsidae</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Suborder <b><a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia" class="mw-redirect">Cynodontia</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" title="Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect">*</a>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Dviniidae" title="Dviniidae" class="mw-redirect">Dviniidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Procynosuchidae" title="Procynosuchidae">Procynosuchidae</a></li>
<li>(unranked) <b><a href="/wiki/Epicynodontia" title="Epicynodontia" class="mw-redirect">Epicynodontia</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Galesauridae" title="Galesauridae">Galesauridae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Thrinaxodontidae" title="Thrinaxodontidae" class="mw-redirect">Thrinaxodontidae</a></li>
<li>Infraorder <b><a href="/wiki/Eucynodontia" title="Eucynodontia">Eucynodontia</a></b>
<ul>
<li>(unranked) †<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cygnognathia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cygnognathia (page does not exist)">Cygnognathia</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Cynognathidae" title="Cynognathidae" class="mw-redirect">Cynognathidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diademodontidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diademodontidae (page does not exist)">Diademodontidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Traversodontidae" title="Traversodontidae">Traversodontidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Trirachodontidae" title="Trirachodontidae">Trirachodontidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Tritylodontidae" title="Tritylodontidae">Tritylodontidae</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Probainognathia" title="Probainognathia">Probainognathia</a>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinquodontidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinquodontidae (page does not exist)">Chinquodontidae</a></li>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Probainognathidae" title="Probainognathidae">Probainognathidae</a></li>
<li>(unranked) †<a href="/wiki/Ictidosauria" title="Ictidosauria" class="mw-redirect">Ictidosauria</a>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Tritheledontidae" title="Tritheledontidae">Tritheledontidae</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Mammaliformes" title="Mammaliformes" class="mw-redirect">Mammaliformes</a></b>
<ul>
<li>Class <b><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></b></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Phylogeny">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</span></h3>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="font-size:70%;line-height:85%">
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<td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida" class="mw-redirect">Synapsida</a>&#160;</span></td>
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<td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontia" title="Sphenacodontia">Sphenacodontia</a>&#160;</span></td>
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<td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;">
<p>†<a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontidae" title="Sphenacodontidae">Sphenacodontidae</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /></td>
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<td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;<b>Therapsida</b>&#160;</span></td>
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<td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;">
<p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Tetraceratops" title="Tetraceratops">Tetraceratops</a></i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td>
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<td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;†<a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a>&#160;</span></td>
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<p>†<a href="/wiki/Eotitanosuchidae" title="Eotitanosuchidae">Eotitanosuchidae</a></p>
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<p>†<a href="/wiki/Phthinosuchus" title="Phthinosuchus">Phthinosuchidae</a></p>
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<td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;<b><a href="/wiki/Eutherapsida" title="Eutherapsida" class="mw-redirect">Eutherapsida</a></b>&#160;</span></td>
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<td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;†<a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a>&#160;</span></td>
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<p>†<a href="/wiki/Anteosauria" title="Anteosauria" class="mw-redirect">Anteosauria</a></p>
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<p>†<a href="/wiki/Tapinocephalia" title="Tapinocephalia">Tapinocephalia</a></p>
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<td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;<b><a href="/wiki/Neotherapsida" title="Neotherapsida">Neotherapsida</a></b>&#160;</span></td>
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<td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;†<a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia" class="mw-redirect">Anomodontia</a>&#160;</span></td>
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<p>†<a href="/wiki/Dromasauria" title="Dromasauria">Dromasauria</a></p>
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<p>†<a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia" class="mw-redirect">Dicynodontia</a></p>
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<td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;<a href="/wiki/Theriodontia" title="Theriodontia" class="mw-redirect">Theriodontia</a>&#160;</span></td>
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<td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;†<a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a>&#160;</span></td>
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<td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td>
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<p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Lycaenops" title="Lycaenops">Lycaenops</a></i></p>
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<p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Inostrancevia" title="Inostrancevia">Inostrancevia</a></i></p>
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<td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutheriodontia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutheriodontia (page does not exist)">Eutheriodontia</a></b>&#160;</span></td>
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<td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;†<a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a>&#160;</span></td>
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<td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;†<a href="/wiki/Eutherocephalia" title="Eutherocephalia">Eutherocephalia</a>&#160;</span></td>
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<td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td>
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<p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Bauria" title="Bauria">Bauria</a></i></p>
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<td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;<a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia" class="mw-redirect">Cynodontia</a>&#160;</span></td>
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<td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td>
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<p><a href="/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia" class="mw-redirect">Mammalia</a></p>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_paleontology" title="Vertebrate paleontology">Vertebrate paleontology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Evolution of mammals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_evolution" title="Timeline of evolution">Timeline of evolution</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-romer1933-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-romer1933_0-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Romer, A.S. (1933). <i>Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. University of Chicago Press.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vertebrate+Paleontology&amp;rft.aulast=Romer&amp;rft.aufirst=A.S.&amp;rft.au=Romer%2C%26%2332%3BA.S.&amp;rft.date=1933&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Therapsida"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span>, 3rd ed., 1966.</li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> M.Laurin &amp; R.R. Reisz. 1996. The osteology and relationships of <i>Tetraceratops insignis</i>, the oldest known therapsid. <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i> 16(1): 95-102.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> J. Liu, B. Rubidge &amp; J. Li, New basal synapsid supports Laurasian origin for therapsids, 2009, Acta Palaeontol. Pol., 54 (3): 393-400</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tolweb.org/accessory/Synapsid_Classification_&amp;_Apomorphies?acc_id=466">[1]</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>Benton, M.J. (2004). <i>Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. 3rd ed. Blackwell Science Ltd</li>
<li>Carroll, R.L. (1988). <i>Vertebrate Paleontology &amp; Evolution</i>. W.H. Freeman &amp; Company, NY</li>
<li>Kemp, T.S. (2005). <i>The origin and evolution of mammals</i>. Oxford University Press</li>
<li>Romer, A.S. (1966). <i>Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. University of Chicago Press, 1933; 3rd ed.</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" width="34" height="40" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to: <i><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Therapsida">Therapsida</a></b></i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Therapsida">Therapsida: Mammals and extinct relatives</a>" <i>Tree of Life</i></li>
<li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/400Therapsida/400.000.html">Therapsida: overview</a>" <i>Palaeos</i></li>
</ul>
<table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";">
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<th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span style="float:left;width:6em;text-align:left;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style=""><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Therapsida" title="Template:Therapsida"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Therapsida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Therapsida (page does not exist)"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Therapsida&amp;action=edit"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-size:110%;">Major groups of <strong class="selflink">therapsids</strong></span></th>
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<tr style="height:2px;">
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2">Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  Class: <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida" class="mw-redirect">Synapsida</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  Order: <strong class="selflink">Therapsida</strong></td>
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Basal therapsids</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Raranimus" title="Raranimus">Raranimus</a></i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <i><a href="/wiki/Tetraceratops" title="Tetraceratops">Tetraceratops</a></i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a></div>
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Eutherapsida" title="Eutherapsida" class="mw-redirect">Eutherapsida</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;">
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a></div>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anteosaur" title="Anteosaur">Anteosauria</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tapinocephalia" title="Tapinocephalia">Tapinocephalia</a></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height:2px">
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Neotherapsida" title="Neotherapsida">Neotherapsida</a></div>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
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<tr>
<td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Anomodont" title="Anomodont">Anomodontia</a></div>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" title="Dicynodont">Dicynodontia</a></div>
</td>
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Theriodont" title="Theriodont">Theriodontia</a></div>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;">
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a></div>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsidae</a></div>
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutheriodontia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutheriodontia (page does not exist)">Eutheriodontia</a></div>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;">
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a></div>
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